Neviditelný čert

mefi  13.03.2021, 14:25:58

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The suffering or wandering of the deserts of theoretical physicists continues. Some geniuses already see the "fet" and Morgana:

Quantum physics: our study suggests objective reality doesn’t exist...

Alternative facts are spreading like a virus across society. Now it seems they have even infected science – at least the quantum realm. This may seem counter intuitive. The scientific method is after all founded on the reliable notions of observation, measurement and repeatability. A fact, as established by a measurement, should be objective, such that all observers can agree with it.

But in a paper recently published in Science Advances, we show that, in the micro-world of atoms and particles that is governed by the strange rules of quantum mechanics, two different observers are entitled to their own facts. In other words, according to our best theory of the building blocks of nature itself, facts can actually be subjective.

Observers are powerful players in the quantum world. According to the theory, particles can be in several places or states at once – this is called a superposition. But oddly, this is only the case when they aren’t observed. The second you observe a quantum system, it picks a specific location or state – breaking the superposition. The fact that nature behaves this way has been proven multiple times in the lab – for example, in the famous double slit experiment.

Some physicists see these new developments as bolstering interpretations that allow more than one outcome to occur for an observation, for example the existence of parallel universes in which each outcome happens. Others see it as compelling evidence for intrinsically observer-dependent theories such as Quantum Bayesianism, in which an agent’s actions and experiences are central concerns of the theory. But yet others take this as a strong pointer that perhaps quantum mechanics will break down above certain complexity scales.

Clearly these are all deeply philosophical questions about the fundamental nature of reality. Whatever the answer, an interesting future awaits.

From climate change to coronavirus, science now plays a key role in more and more news stories, helping people understand that science is vital to the health of our planet, our societies, and ourselves. Donate to The Conversation and we can help ensure that scientists’ work reaches as many people as possible.

Zdroj: Stephen Harris, Commissioning Editor, Science plus Technology

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KOALIČNÍ BŮČEK Z JAZÝČKŮ DĚTÍ (neregistrovaný) 13.03.2021, 03:59:31

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judr. gustav husák na provázlu (neregistrovaný) 11.03.2021, 00:40:53

"Researchers believe land would have been scarce some 3 billion to 4 billion years ago," Alec Brenner (Harvard University).

Across the ages, sea levels have risen and fallen with temperatures—but Earth’s total surface water was always assumed to be constant. Now, evidence is mounting that some 3 billion to 4 billion years ago, the planet’s oceans held nearly twice as much water—enough to submerge today’s continents above the peak of Mount Everest. The flood could have primed the engine of plate tectonics and made it more difficult for life to start on land.

Rocks in today’s mantle, the thick layer of rock beneath the crust, are thought to sequester an ocean’s worth of water or more in their mineral structures. But early in Earth’s history, the mantle, warmed by radioactivity, was four times hotter. Recent work using hydraulic presses has shown that many minerals would be unable to hold as much hydrogen and oxygen at mantle temperatures and pressures. "That suggests the water must have been somewhere else," says Junjie Dong, a graduate student in mineral physics at Harvard University who led a model, based on those lab experiments, that was published today in AGU Advances. "And the most likely reservoir is the surface."

The paper makes intuitive sense, says Michael Walter, an experimental petrologist at the Carnegie Institution for Science. "It’s a simple idea that could have important implications."

The evidence for larger oceans challenges scenarios for how life began on Earth, says Thomas Carell, a biochemist at Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich. Some researchers believe it began at nutrient-rich hydrothermal vents in the ocean, whereas others favor shallow ponds on dry land, which would have frequently evaporated, creating a concentrated bath of chemicals. A larger ocean exacerbates the biggest strike against the underwater scenario: that the ocean itself would have diluted any nascent biomolecules to insignificance. But by drowning most land, it also complicates the thin pond scenario. Carell, a pond advocate, says in light of the new paper, he is now considering a different birthplace for life: sheltered, watery pockets within oceanic rocks that broke the surface in volcanic seamounts. "Maybe we had little caves in which it all happened," he says.The ancient water world is also a reminder of how conditional Earth’s evolution is.

Zdroj: Paul Voosen, Mar. 9, 2021, 9:00 AM
https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2021/03/ancient-earth-was-water-world

mefi  10.03.2021, 03:23:55


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Angelina Jordan - What Is Life, Acoustic

https://youtu.be/Bv0r77KN7RA

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mefi  10.03.2021, 03:17:36


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Angelina Jordan - California Dreamin',The Mamas and The Papas

https://youtu.be/EBI7Km3z7-U

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mefi  10.03.2021, 03:13:01


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Angelina Jordan (10 Year Old) - Feeling Good

https://youtu.be/p8kAL-sGJx8

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@mefi@mefisto@mefistofeles@CS@ (neregistrovaný) 10.03.2021, 03:06:45


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Angelina Jordan - Fly Me To The Moon

https://youtu.be/nBGMQ9Kx9iI

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mefi  10.03.2021, 02:59:38


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Angelina Jordan - Bohemian Rhapsody, America's Got

https://youtu.be/qF0JV28vgLw

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@mefi@mefisto@mefistofeles@CS@ (neregistrovaný) 10.03.2021, 02:53:48


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Olivia K. Rash — Stairway to Heaven, Voice

https://youtu.be/SSR1hGgkvYw

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mefi  09.03.2021, 12:39:40


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Butterflies are vanishing in the western U.S.—but not for the reasons scientists thought

Earth is in the midst of an insect apocalypse, with thousands of species dwindling over the past several decades. Scientists have often blamed habitat loss or pesticide use. But a new study of butterflies in the western United States has found that warmer fall weather may be taking as big, if not a bigger, toll.

The findings are a wake-up call—not just for butterflies, but for all insects—says Jessica Ware, an entomologist at the American Museum of Natural History who was not involved with the study. “If humans don’t take dramatic steps to curb global warming,” she says, entire ecosystems could disappear, with untold impacts on biodiversity and human health.

Scientists already know some butterflies are in trouble. Recent studies have shown monarchs are in steep decline, and surveys of insects, in general, show shrinking numbers. Yet most data for these studies come from densely populated or intensively farmed areas.

But butterflies are at risk in open spaces, too. Art Shapiro, an insect ecologist at the University of California, Davis, and colleagues have shown that over the past 35 years, butterflies are disappearing even in pristine protected areas such as the Sierra Nevada mountain range in the western United States.

To see whether that finding held up elsewhere, Shapiro and Matthew Forister, an insect ecologist at the University of Nevada, Reno, gathered data from the North American Butterfly Association, which has coordinated community scientist butterfly counts across the United States for more than 42 years. The duo also incorporated 15 years of data from iNaturalist, a web portal that collects sightings of plants and animals, including butterflies. In all, the researchers tracked the fates of 450 butterfly species from 70 locations in the western United States.

Butterfly numbers have dropped an average of 1.6% per year between 1977 and 2018, the team reports today in Science.


Zdroj: Elizabeth Pennisi, Mar. 4, 2021 , 2:00 PM

Posted in: Plants & Animals

doi:10.1126/science.abh3625

https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2021/03/butterflies-are-vanishing-western-us-not-reasons-scientists-thought?utm_campaign=news_daily_2021-03-08&et_rid=742570496&et_cid=3692290

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mefi  09.03.2021, 12:35:14


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Traces of psychedelics make you feel good, but so does placebo, finds unusual ‘self-blinding’ study


People who take tiny amounts of LSD, “magic mushrooms,” and related drugs report a range of benefits, from more creativity to improved psychological well-being. But do these microdoses—typically less than 10% of the amount that causes a true psychedelic experience—actually benefit the mind?

That’s been a hard question to answer. Placebo-controlled trials are tricky to pull off, because psychedelics are so tightly regulated. Now, researchers have come up with a creative workaround: They’ve enlisted microdosing enthusiasts to hide their drugs in gel capsules and mix them up with empty capsules.

The upshot of this “self-blinding” study: Microdosing did lead to improvements in psychological well-being—but so did the placebo capsules. “The benefits are real,” says lead author Balázs Szigeti, a neuroscientist at Imperial College London. “But they are not caused by the pharmacological effects of microdosing.”

The findings, however, are “the least interesting thing about this study,” says Noah Haber, a study design specialist at Stanford University. The “very, very clever” method of self-blinding pushes the boundaries of what can be investigated using randomized placebo controls, he says.

Getting the new study off the ground wasn’t easy. Obtaining ethical approval to enroll psychedelic-taking volunteers was a “long and difficult process,” Szigeti says. And then he had to go out and find those volunteers, which he did by reaching out to microdosing communities, giving talks at psychedelic societies, and holding an “ask me anything” discussion on Reddit. Szigeti eventually garnered more than 1600 sign-ups, but once potential participants realized they’d have to procure their own psychedelics, interest ebbed, and only 246 ended up in the experiment.

This first study is like a half-time score of two-to-zero at a soccer game, Szigeti says: It’s not impossible that psychedelic microdosing might come back against the odds and show an effect, but “from what we have, it just does not look good.”


Zdroj: Cathleen O’Grady, Mar. 5, 2021 , 12:00 PM

Posted in: Brain & Behavior, doi:10.1126/science.abh3977

https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2021/03/traces-psychedelics-make-you-feel-good-so-does-placebo-finds-unusual-self-blinding?utm_campaign=news_daily_2021-03-08&et_rid=742570496&et_cid=3692290

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mefi  09.03.2021, 12:28:44


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Why cleaning up Fukushima’s damaged reactors will take another 30 years

Much of northeastern Japan is well along in recovering from the magnitude 9 earthquake and 40-meter tsunami of 11 March 2011. However, at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant, “We’re still just very near the starting line” for cleaning up after the meltdowns and explosions triggered by the natural disasters, Fukushima prefecture Governor Masao Uchibori said at a 17 February press briefing.

The plant owner, Tokyo Electric Power Co. (TEPCO), envisions roughly 30 more years of work to retrieve undamaged fuel, remove resolidified melted fuel debris, disassemble the reactors, and dispose of contaminated cooling water. The fuel debris and contaminated water pose especially thorny problems that could threaten that timetable. The government puts the cost of decommissioning the four reactors at 8 trillion yen ($76 billion); but the Japan Center for Economic Research, a think tank, estimates the bill could be much more.

The earthquake cut the plant’s electrical lines, moving it to emergency generators, which the tsunami swamped 50 minutes later. The power failures disabled pumps that circulate cooling water. As the reactor cores overheated and melted, radioactive steam and hydrogen escaped from the reactor pressure vessels, accumulated in the upper floors of three of the buildings, and then exploded, blowing out roofs and wall panels and spewing fallout over nearby communities.

Though the four reactors are similar, the meltdowns and explosions damaged them differently. So, four unique structures have been or will be built to support cranes needed to safely retrieve undamaged fuel stored on upper floors of the units. Removing the fuel is expected to take until 2031.

Removing the fuel debris is a tougher task, with no target completion date yet. TEPCO believes some of the debris is still in the reactor cores; some dropped to the bottoms of the reactor pressure vessels, which surround the cores; and some burned through the vessels and landed on the concrete at the base of the reactors.


Zdroj: Dennis NormileMar. 4, 2021 , 2:00 PM

Posted in: AsiaHealth, doi:10.1126/science.abh3449

https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2021/03/why-cleaning-fukushima-s-damaged-reactors-will-take-another-30-years?utm_campaign=news_daily_2021-03-08&et_rid=742570496&et_cid=3692290

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@mefi@mefisto@mefistofeles@CS@ (neregistrovaný) 09.03.2021, 08:32:10


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Maria Daines - Empty House

https://youtu.be/sI04W-7Ec1Q

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mefi  09.03.2021, 08:27:33


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Modern Dirty Blues Rock and Badass

https://youtu.be/UyFKi2bSZhE

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mefi  09.03.2021, 08:24:40


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Last week in the other magazines

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/371/6533/twil.full

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